Soil health is a fundamental pillar of sustainable agriculture and ecosystem functionality, and soil microbial communities play a pivotal role in maintaining and enhancing soil quality. These microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and archaea, are key drivers of nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, soil structure formation, and plant growth promotion. This study explores the dynamics of soil microbial populations as bioindicators of soil health and fertility across different land-use systems and management practices. By analyzing microbial biomass, enzymatic activities, and community diversity using culture-dependent and molecular techniques, we observed strong correlations between microbial parameters and soil physicochemical properties such as organic carbon content, pH, and nutrient availability.